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	<title>The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance</title>
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	<description>Field experience and current research on humanitarian action and policy</description>
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		<title>Urban Violence and Humanitarian Action: Engaging the Fragile City</title>
		<link>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1524</link>
		<comments>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1524#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 19 Jan 2012 21:22:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jonelle  Lonergan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Kevin Savage]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Robert Muggah]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[humanitarian action]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[urban violence]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[urbanization]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The rapid urbanization of the developing world is giving rise to a host of concerns about the implications of “fragile” cities in relation to security, development and humanitarian action. Presently, more than half of the world resides in cities, and the latest projections reveal that this will rise to almost three quarters by 2050 or 7 billion people. The majority of global urban population growth will be concentrated in large and intermediate cities and their sprawling informal settlements in low-income settings. The refocusing of policy makers on the city is also taking place against an apparent decline in inter- and intra-state conflict over the past two decades and an apparent surge in more acute forms of organized violence associated with networked armed groups and criminal gangs. A debate is brewing on the scope and scale of urban violence in the twenty first century, the challenge this presents to the humanitarian sector, whether and in what ways the humanitarian community should respond. This article offers some preliminary observations on trends in urbanization and urban violence with insights from the security studies and urban geography literatures. Drawing on the experiences of practitioners, it also introduces some reflections on how humanitarian actors are coming to terms with chronic and acute forms of urban violence. It makes the case for humanitarian agencies to more robustly and comprehensively engage with the causes and consequences of urban violence and argues that practitioners must expand the lens of analysis to consider the specific humanitarian needs of populations affected by endemic urban violence.  ]]></description>
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		<title>Food Security or Food Sovereignty: The Case of Land Grabs</title>
		<link>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1241</link>
		<comments>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1241#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 05 Jul 2011 15:54:25 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jonelle  Lonergan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Logan Cochrane]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[ethiopia]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food security]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[food sovereignty]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[land acquisitions]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[land grabbing]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[land grabs]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[ The unprecedented acquisition of land by transnational companies in  areas of chronic food insecurity requires a paradigm  shift from food security to food sovereignty. Export-based commercial  farming operations in these regions are negatively impacting both the  well-being of people and the environment. An Ethiopian case study  demonstrates how food insecurity has increased as  smallholder farmers are displaced and uncompensated, not only affecting  household food security but also livelihoods. Adopting food sovereignty  as a thematic construct to reevaluate the system facilitates some  unique approaches to food insecurity, such as  a focus on land reform, local sustainability and local ownership, and  highlights continued calls for reformation in governance, regulation of  land grabbing and environmental protection.]]></description>
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		<title>Criminalising the Enemy and its Impact on Humanitarian Action</title>
		<link>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1237</link>
		<comments>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1237#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 28 Jun 2011 15:02:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jonelle  Lonergan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Fabrice Weissman]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA["without border" movement]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[clandestine mission]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Criminalization of humanitarian action]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Could a doctor working for a humanitarian organisation be sentenced to life imprisonment in the United States for having offered his &#8220;expert advice&#8221; to people linked to a &#8220;terrorist organisation&#8221;? That is what is feared by a number of civil rights&#8217; organisations in the US since the Supreme Court declared on 21 June 2010 that the legislation known as the Material Support Statute was constitutional. The Supreme Court ruling recalls the Cold War era when the criminalisation of humanitarian assistance in rebel controlled areas was the norm rather than the exception. Following in the footsteps of the (primarily religious) pro-Biafran organisations in Nigeria, MSF and the &#8220;without borders&#8221; movement then decided to sidestep government prohibitions by clandestinely crossing the borders. Gaining clandestine access to populations living under the authority of “terrorist” organisations is now much more complicated than it was during the Cold War. Countering the rhetoric that criminalizs humanitarian assistance to the victims located on the &#8220;wrong side&#8221; of the front line requires new humanitarian policies.]]></description>
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		<title>Internal Displacement, Land Restoration, and the Ongoing Conflict in Colombia</title>
		<link>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1189</link>
		<comments>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1189#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 14 Jun 2011 14:19:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jonelle  Lonergan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Jose Serralvo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Colombian conflict]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Colombian internally displaced people]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[land restoration]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[President Santos’ Lands’ Bill]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[risks of return policies after displacement]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[The Colombian internal armed conflict has caused the abandonment of an estimated 5.5 million hectares, roughly 5% of Colombian territory. The Colombian legislature is currently debating a bill that aims at establishing a new land restoration policy vis-à-vis Internally Displaced People (IDP). In a context of ongoing violence, where irreconcilable interests still exist around the use of land, the implementation of the bill will necessarily face an array of hurdles. This paper analyzes how President Juan Manuel Santos’ proposal diverges from international legislation on this issue, in particular with regard to the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the United Nations Principles on Housing and Property Restitution. It proposes ways in which the proposed bill could better comply with these norms and seize the occasion to create a legal framework in which the return of IDPs to their land strengthens the peace process and increases the state’s presence in areas traditionally under the control of the armed groups.]]></description>
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		<title>Neo-Realism and Humanitarian Action: From Cold War to Our Days</title>
		<link>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1173</link>
		<comments>http://sites.tufts.edu/jha/archives/1173#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 16 May 2011 16:03:59 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>Jonelle  Lonergan</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Huseyn Aliyev]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bipolar world system]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[humanitarian action]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[international affairs]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Neo-realism]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[political theories]]></category>

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		<description><![CDATA[Modern humanitarian action is conducted in a rapidly changing geopolitical environment. This brief theoretical piece is an analysis of how humanitarian action can be perceived from a neo-realist point of view. It suggests that apart from being a leading theory of international relations, neo-realism can throw a light on patterns and strategies of international humanitarian action from the Cold War to modern days. Behavior of states on international arena and international aid organizations can be explained from a neo-realist perspective. Regardless of its theoretical slant, the article suggests that neo-realism can be traced in modern politics of humanitarian assistance. ]]></description>
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