The following pages depict the molecular-level mechanisms of the synthesis of ketone bodies and phosphorylation of CREB, as described in the pathways section. These mechanisms help understand the biochemical catalysis and signal transduction behind the ways in which intermittent fasting impacts type II diabetes.

1. Phosphorylation of CREB via Signal Transduction

CREB is a transcription factor that activates gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis in the liver. This protein is activated by a phosphorylation cascade in response to glucagon in the fasted state, and also regulated by circadian stimuli.

2. Synthesis and Action of β-Hydroxybutryate

Beta-hydroxybutyrate is a ketone body, produced in the fasted state, that can both directly and indirectly fight against oxidative stress in the body. In turn, reduced oxidative stress reduces insulin resistance.