1. Which of the following examples of causes of pulmonary hypertension is incorrectly matched to the group classification?
a. Group 1 Pulmonary Hypertension: Idiopathic or heritable causes of pulmonary arterial hypertension
b. Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension: Degenerative mitral valve disease causing left sided heart failure
c. Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension: Congenital heart disease with left-to-right shunting
d. Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension: Pulmonary thromboembolism
2. Which of the following is the correct mechanism of action for sildenafil?
a. Acts to inhibit phosphodiesterase 5 for smooth muscle relaxation
b. Directly blocks the endothelin receptor to block smooth muscle constriction
c. Reduce production of nitric oxide for smooth muscle relaxation
d. The mechanism of action of sildenafil is unknown
3. All of the following are drugs that may be used to treat pulmonary hypertension EXCEPT:
a. Bosentan
b. Sildenafil
c. Procainamide
d. Pimobendan
4. Which method can be used to measure or estimate pulmonary hypertension?
a. Systemic blood pressure put into the modified Bernoulli’s equation
b. Left heart catheterization for direct measurement
c. Velocity of mitral regurgitation during echocardiography
d. Velocity of tricuspid regurgitation during echocardiography
5. Which of the following is TRUE regarding pulmonary hypertension in dogs?
a. Because of reduced blood flow to the pulmonary artery, the main pulmonary artery is usually smaller than normal on echocardiography
b. Concentric hypertrophy in response to pulmonary hypertension results in increased right ventricular cavity size and thinned right ventricular walls
c. On echocardiography, concentric hypertrophy of the right ventricle can lead to flattening of the interventricular septum
d. A common sign of right-sided congestive heart failure in response to pulmonary hypertension is pulmonary edema
