Literature Cited

  1. Alcohol Facts and Statistics | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics
  2. Almendrala, A. (2014). The State Where The Most Americans Drink Themselves To Death. Retrieved November 03, 2016, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/26/alcohol-deaths-states-us_n_5532034.html
  3. Cederbaum, A. I. (2012, November). Alcohol Metabolism. Clinical Liver Disease,4(16), 667-685. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3484320/pdf/nihms-402840.pdf.
  4. PDB-101: Alcohol Dehydrogenase. https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/13
  5. Zakhari, S. (2006). Overview: How is Alcohol Metabolized by the Body? Retrieved from http://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh294/245-255.htm
  6. Cook, P. F., & Cleland, W. W. (1981). PH Variation of Isotope Effects in Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions. 2. Isotope-Dependent Step Not pH Dependent. Kinetic Mechanism of Alcohol Dehydrogenase. Biochemistry (ACS), 1812-1815. Retrieved from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/bi00510a015
  7. Nagy, L. E. (2004). Molecular Aspects of Alcohol Metabolism: Transcription Factors Involved in Early Ethanol-Induced Liver Injury. Annu. Rev. Nutr. Annual Review of Nutrition, 24(1), 55-78. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132258
  8. Wang, Y., Yang, C., Wang, H., Han, K., & Shaik, S. (2007). A New Mechanism for Ethanol Oxidation Mediated by Cytochrome P450 2E1: Bulk Polarity of the Active Site Makes a Difference. ChemBioChem, 277-281. doi:10.1002/cbic.200600510
  9. Bell-Parikh, C., & Guengerich, P. (1999, August). Kinetics of Cytochrome P450 2E1-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ethanol to Acetic Acid via Acetaldehyde. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274(34), 23833-23840.
  10. Goyal, M. M., & Basak, A. (2012, November). Hydroxyl Radical Generation Theory: A Possible Explanation of Unexplained Actions of Mammalian Catalase. International Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3(3), 282-289. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.050
  11. Koppaka, V., Thompson, D., Chen, Y., Ellermann, M., Nicolaou, K., Juvonen, R., . . . Vasiliou, V. (2012). Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacology, Mechanism of Action, Substrate Specificity, and Clinical Application. Pharmacological Reviews, 64, 520-539.
  12. Acetaminophen Overdose and Liver Injury — Background and Options forReducing Injury. (2009, May). Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/Drugs/DrugSafetyandRiskManagementAdvisoryCommittee/UCM164897.pdf.
  13. Fontana, R. J. (2008). Acute Liver Failure including Acetaminophen Overdose. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2504411/
  14. Zafar, Amina. (2016). Why Acetaminophen is the ‘Most Common Cause of Liver Injury’ in Canada. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/health/acetaminophen-toxicity-health-canada-1.3764672
  15. Mazaleuskaya Liudmila L, Sangkuhl Katrin, Thorn Caroline F, FitzGerald Garret A Altman Russ B, Klein Teri E . “Acetaminophen Pathway (Therapeutic Doses), Pharmacokinetics” Pharmacogenetics and genomics (2015). Retrieved from https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA165986279
  16. Saito, C., Zwingmann, C., & Jaeschke, H. (2010). Novel Mechanism of ProtectionAgainst Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in Mice by Glutathione and Acetylcysteine. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2977522/
  17. Alcohol’s Effects on the Body. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/alcohols-effects-body
  18. Robert, Ben J., Byoung-Joon Son, Yunjo Soh, and Sang S. Park. (1995). Ethanol Induces CYP2E1 by Protein Stabilization. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Retrieved from http://www.jbc.org/content/270/50/29632.full.
  19. Baille, T., Dhalin, D., Nelson, S., & Streeter, A. (1984). The Covalent Binding of Acetaminophen to Protein. Evidence for Cysteine Residues as Major Sites of Arylation In VitroElsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. Retrieved from http://ac.els-cdn.com/0009279784901455/1-s2.0-0009279784901455-main.pdf?_tid=99f9d964-a154-11e6-8325-00000aacb35f&acdnat=1478129721_32913e451caa9ad1f04e7eaf667d2d22
  20. Brodie, B., Davis, D., Gillette, G., Jollow, D., & Mitchell, J. (1973). Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatic Necrosis. II. Role Of Covalent Binding In VivoThe Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Retrieved from http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/jpet/187/1/195.full.pdf
  21. Burcham, P., & Harman, A. (1991). Acetaminophen Toxicity Results in Site-specific Mitochondrial Damage in Isolated Mouse Hepatocytes. Retrieved from http://www.jbc.org/content/266/8/5049.full.pdf
  22. Mourad, N., & Woronick, C. L. (1967). Crystallization of human liver alcohol dehydrogenase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 121(2), 431-439. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(67)90097-5

 

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